If you’re hiking in areas that are part of a wolf pack’s territory, will you be attacked by wolves? You’re more likely to be attacked by bears or cougars, or even struck by lightning. But a wolf attack isn’t impossible, so be prepared.

A group of Norwegian scientists researched wolf attacks in Europe, Asia and North America in 2002, and found that most attacks occurred before the 20th century, and in the past 50 years, there have been only 17 people killed in Europe, and at that time, none in North America. In 2005, a Canadian, walking alone where food dumps from energy development were common, was killed and eaten by four wolves.

There are four possible reasons for wolf attacks. The first, and the probable cause of the Canadian death, is habituation: wolves become accustomed to humans, begin to associate them with food, and lose their fear of humans. Rabies is the second reason, but rabies is rare in North American wolves. The third reason is predation. While a rabid wolf will bite savagely and then move on, a healthy wolf kills and eats its prey. Typically the victims of predation are children and women, and it’s more common in Asia than here. The fourth reason is defense. A cornered wolf may bite, but rarely kills.

Stay safe by remaining in a group. Avoid being prey by making lots of noise while hiking and setting up camp. Carry a large backpack to make yourself look larger, and spread out your arms and jacket, if you happen to see a wolf, to look even larger and scarier. Make sure your tent has a lantern because wolves don’t like light – but don’t shine it directly into their eyes, as that can trigger an attack. For worst case scenarios, carry a mountaineering axe for self defense. Finally, make a fire in front of your tent (if the area isn’t under a burn ban) and keep it going all night. Wolves fear fire. Don’t feed wolves, or leave food out, and report anyone who does to park or forest rangers.

(Sources: Linnell, J. D. C., R. Andersen, Z. Andersone, L. Balciauskas, J. C. Blanco, L. Boitani, S. Brainerd, U. Breitenmoser, I. Kojola, L. Liberg, J. Løe, H.Okarma, H. C. Pedersen, C. Promberger, K. Sand, E. J. Solberg, H. Valdmann, and P. Wabakken. 2002. The fear of wolves: A review of wolf attacks on humans. Norsk Intitutt for NaturforskningOppdragsmelding: 731:1-65; http://www.wolftrust.org.uk/a-wkp5-linnell-results.html; http://www.wolf.org/wolves/news/2005releases/123005_wolfattack.asp ; http://www.wolftrust.org.uk/faqpeople.html )

Summer is winding down quicker than you may realize. Many children have already gone back to school and soon the dog days of summer will be coming to an end. Why not take advantage of these last few warm weekends? This weekend, get the family together and create a campground in the backyard.

Obviously, this family night activity requires a bit of planning. You’ll need to grab some camping foods, such as hot dogs and marshmallows for roasting. You’ll also need a tent and sleeping bags . If you don’t have any, chances are your friends have some you can borrow for the weekend. Last, but not least, you’ll need a bundle of wood to create a roaring fire and don’t forget a cooler for the drinks and food.

Next, you’ll need to think of some activities. Scary stories around the campfire are always a fun idea. Each person can make up their own story and tell their story before bedtime. Another activity that is fun for little kids is to take a hike around the backyard. Take time to look at things like you’ve never looked at them before. For example, look at the different plants and wildlife. You could even take pictures. A fun idea for older kids is to create a bit of competition through sports or even a campfire cook-off.

There are several advantages to camping out in your own backyard. First of all, there’s easy access to clean bathrooms, which is always a plus. Second, you don’t have to spend a dime on gas to get to your destination. Last, but not least, if your city doesn’t allow fires in the city limits, you can cook everything on a grill. This truly is a family night activity that brings the family together, but doesn’t require a lot of money. It’s a great way to say goodbye to summer. Don’t worry though because there will of course be many more family night activities for the cool months of fall.

If you’ve followed Survival of the Fittest, you know how to dress for cold weather and how to set up a camp that can protect you in a winter storm. But pay attention: hypothermia, a gradual cooling of your body, can kill. Know the symptoms, how to avoid it and what to do if someone in your group develops it.

The early symptoms of hypothermia include shivering, pale or blue-gray skin, and what the Mayo clinic staff call the “-umbles:” stumbles, mumbles, fumbles, and grumbles. The grumbling may appear as indifference to what’s going on, and the mumbling can also appear as slurred speech. Difficulties with movement and balance are the stumbling part, and can also appear when numbed fingers fumble with tasks like pulling up a zipper. Later symptoms include confusion, slowing of breathing and pulse, muscle stiffness, extreme fatigue and loss of consciousness.

Most people assume that hypothermia occurs only when the temperatures are below freezing. That’s a myth. If the weather is cool and cloudy, and you get soaked with rain and don’t get into dry clothes and a warm place, you can get hypothermia. Cold water is another common cause of hypothermia. Depending on the temperature of the water, it can take several hours or just minutes of exposure to develop hypothermia.

Preventive measures include layering your clothing; wear a thin pair of gloves inside your regular gloves and double up your socks. Keep your head and ears covered with a hat or headband. Avoid too much exertion; evaporating sweat can make you much colder. If you swim in a mountain lake, make sure it’s not too cold and don’t stay in too long.

If someone is wet or cold and showing signs of hypothermia, get them back to camp immediately. Strip all the wet clothing and leave it outside the tent. Dress them in warm, dry clothing or wrap them in a sleeping bag , and warm their feet with dry wool socks or primaloft or down booties. Heat stones in a campfire, wrap them in fabric, and bring them inside to help warm the cold person. Provide plenty of hot liquids to warm the victim from the inside. Get the victim of hypothermia out of the cold and back to a better shelter, and apply medical care if needed, as quickly as possible.

Enjoy winter sports and mountain lakes, but make sure you can survive hypothermia.

(Sources: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypothermia/DS00333 , http://firstaid.webmd.com/tc/hypothermia-and-cold-temperature-exposure-t..., http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/fitness/HQ01681 )

Planning to hike and camp in the North Dakota badlands this summer? For the last few years, the number of cougars has been increasing there. So plan your trip, and plan to stay safe.

Head for the North or South Unit of the Theodore Roosevelt National Park, or the Little Missouri Grasslands. There are primitive campgrounds and a paved driving loop in the South Unit, but the North Unit is wilderness area, and if it’s adventure you want, that’s your destination. The buttes are taller, the trees are denser, and the wildlife is more abundant.

Take a light backpack for a day trip, or a sturdier pack for camping. There are hundreds of good sleeping bags out there; pick one that’s light and not too warm for summer, like the North Face Kilo . You have a wide choice of tents but consider a light and eco-friendly tent like this one by Sierra Designs. If you’re in the North Unit, you’re a long hike from help, so be sure to take a good first aid kit, one that allows you to treat injuries – or bites – so you have time get to help.

The best way to survive an attack is to avoid one. Keep your food in zipper-closed plastic bags in your pack, and don’t leave crumbs around. Along with that medical kit, carry water and add a good filter for water you may find along the way. Make a lot of noise as you hike, even if you’re wearing lightweight boots. Keep your tent zipped when you sleep, and carry a good flashlight; use it all night if there’s a burn ban while you’re there. A heavy flashlight can also make a good weapon.

If you do come face to face with a cougar, make yourself look big, and be as loud as possible. Don’t run, or you’ll look like prey. Watch for tracks, and if you see them, head the opposite direction. Avoid creeks at dawn and sunset, “happy hour” for cougars.

Take these few steps, and be the (camera) hunter, not the prey.

Long before the series focused more on style than substance, Sylvester Stallone gave one of the best performances of his career in “First Blood,” the story of a Vietnam Vet who had serious difficulty returning to civilian life.

Stallone plays John J. Rambo, a decorated war hero trying to reconnect with some members of his squad. Unfortunately, after traveling to a small town, he learns that one of his Green Beret buddies has died from long-term exposure to the chemicals used during the Vietnam conflict. Of all the soldiers in his squad, he literally is the last man standing.

The frustrated Rambo simply wants to get something to eat and leave town, but the narrow-minded local sheriff (Brian Dennehy) doesn’t like the way he looks and drives him to the city limits. When Rambo returns to town, the sheriff promptly arrests him, abusing him with a high-pressure hose and a straight razor. The mental and physical torture reawakens Rambo’s guerilla warfare skills and he escapes into the woods. With only a survival knife and his military training, the former soldier wages his own personal war against both the town and the memories that still haunt him from Vietnam.

The best scenes in “First Blood” take place in the wilderness, where John J. Rambo goes into hiding and lives off the land. As his former commander tells the police, Rambo has been trained to eat things that “would make a billy goat puke.” He also has an incredible tolerance for pain, especially during one outdoor sequence where he has to sew up his own wounded arm.

A soldier such as John Rambo can survive with just a knife, but most people who enjoy camping really can use a good duffel bag like the Expedition made by Mountain Hardware . When you need to haul a lot of gear into rough terrain, the Expedition is roomy enough to hold everything you need.

Though the later “Rambo” movies focused more on special effects than characters, “First Blood” remains one of the best outdoor movies ever made.

Yellowstone National Park continues to attract millions of avid hikers, campers and outdoor enthusiasts each year. If you’re one of the many hiker paying respects Old Faithful this season, make sure you’re well-prepared for the adventure.

Here are a few essentials for making it through your Yellowstone trail like a pro:

Layer it up
Wearing layers is essential when hiking or camping in Yellowstone’s temperate climate. Many areas of the park experience rain showers and chilly winds, especially during the autumn and winter seasons. Make sure you’re well prepared for inclement weather with wool socks, moisture-wicking pants and shirts, an insulated vest, a wool beanie and a lightweight puffy jacket for any evening excursions on the itinerary.

Don’t get Stuck in the mud
The trails are usually very wet and muddy at the beginning of the year; make sure you’re wearing comfortable hiking boots that provide plenty of ankle support and will prevent your toes from getting wet. You may need trekking poles to make it across some of the bogs and marshes on the more challenging trails, so map out your route and factor in weather conditions well beforehand.

Pack up that First Aid Kit
Whether you’re putting together your own or picking up a pre-made kit, make sure you’re well prepared to manage insect bites, cuts, bruises and small wounds. While you won’t have many rocky boulders to conquer on the beginner’s trails in Yellowstone, you might find yourself forging through forests, thermal springs and canyons. Wrap up those wounds and treat insect bites in a flash with basic supplies stocked in your first aid kit .

Cook Smart to Avoid Bear Attacks
When you’re setting up camp in Bear Country, make sure you’re doing everything you can to avoid a bear attack. Many hikers and campers encounter bears in Yellowstone because they’re not prepared; leaving food unattended at the campsite or cooking and storing food in open areas will leave a scented trail that attracts bears day and night. Use an efficient cooking and food heating system for your meals to make that food prep and cleanup is a cinch.

With television, video games and other forms of technology around every corner, it’s easy for families to get caught up in their own worlds. Even parents and children sitting in the same room can be separated by iPhones, iPods, text messages, laptops and computer games. If technology has taken hold of your life, consider tuning out for a weekend and getting back to nature.

Before you start packing the things you will need, start with the things that you won’t need. Leave the portable DVD player, cell phones, iPods, PSP and Nintendo DS . If you own a portable GPS , you may want to consider bringing it along for geo caching or for the car ride. But the technology stops there — leave the laptops at home.

Locate a campground with toilets and showers, and you’ll alleviate most of your teenagers’ concerns. When researching the campsite, confirm if they have grills or fire pits available for cooking. Once you’ve found the campground and gotten the family on board, you can start planning for your family camping trip.

If you’ve never been camping before, you’ll be pleasantly surprised with how easy the experience can be. One of the most important things is to bring a tent big enough for the family. Include sleeping bags, extra blankets and pillows, one or two changes of clothes per person, hiking boots, extra socks and food. Use backpacks, rather than suitcases, to haul your belongings.

Don’t forget the food! Be sure to bring things that don’t need to be refrigerated and can either be eaten cold or warmed over a fire. Include a pot and saucepan for soups or anything else you may need to heat. If you are going on a short trip, a cooler with ice might be helpful, especially for drinks.

A family camping trip is a great way to leave the technology behind and get back to basics.

Being prepared sometimes makes the difference between surviving and not surviving. “Saving for a rainy day,” quite simply refers to being prepared for a bad situation when it occurs. Whether one is camping, biking, hiking or doing other outdoor sports, it is imperative that a survival gear kit go along with the athlete or weekend warrior.

If looking for a basic survival kit, a top recommendation is the Adventure Medical Kit with Paddlers . This is a very versatile bag, which includes basic survival items as well as some repair gear. Some of the essentials included in the Adventure Medical Kit with Paddlers include Nitrile gloves, infectious bag control, a two-person emergency blanket, wound irrigation system, storm waterproof matches, Aquaseal urethane adhesive, a guide to wilderness and travel medicine, an emergency pamphlet, wound cover strips, bandages, wound care medication, several oral medications, paddlers and more. The Adventure Medical Kit with Paddlers is a must have essential for the outdoor person including athletes adventurers. The kit of survival gear is a great buy at $54.

If you are looking for a smaller kit which contains survival gear an excellent choice is the Adventure Medical Kit with Ultralite Paddlers. This unique kit weighs only 10 ounces and is loaded with great survival gear including: Ibuprofen, Moleskin dressing, Antihistamine, Nitrile gloves, first aid and life threatening emergency instructions, a guide to the wilderness, bandages, gauze, adhesive fabric bandage butterfly clips, antibiotic ointment, Tincture of Benzoin Topical Solution, swabs, safety pins, survival gear for repairing things and much more. This is the ideal survival gear for a weekend getaway, a hike or to even keep in the trunk of a car in case of emergencies. The bag measures approximately 8.5” x 5.25” x 3.5” and weighs approximately 10 pounds. The Adventure Medical Kit with Ultralite Paddlers survival gear retails for approximately $38.

Owning survival gear is a part of being prepared in case of emergencies and increasing one’s confidence by influencing coping skills as a benefit of preparedness.